Jatropha gossypiifolia L.: Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical, and Pharmacological Insights

Abstract

Jatropha gossypiifolia L., a species within the Euphorbiaceae family, possesses considerable ethnobotanical relevance across various global regions. Historically, diverse parts of the plant, including leaves, roots, and latex, have been employed in folk medicine for conditions such as inflammation, dysentery, infections, and snakebites. Phytochemical investigations have revealed a complex array of secondary metabolites, including alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, phenols, steroids, and cardiac glycosides. These chemical constituents underpin a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities. Experimental studies have demonstrated antimicrobial efficacy against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungi, supporting its traditional use in treating infections. Furthermore, research indicates cytotoxic effects against various cancer cell lines, suggesting potential for anticancer drug development, particularly with compounds like jatrophone. Other reported activities encompass antiophidic effects, antiviral properties, and insecticidal action, highlighting its diverse biological utility. Despite its therapeutic promise, the inherent toxicity of J. gossypiifolia, largely attributed to compounds such as phorbol esters, necessitates careful consideration. Comprehensive toxicological assessments are therefore paramount for validating its safe use and for the development of standardized herbal preparations. This review consolidates findings to provide a foundation for future research aimed at isolating novel bioactive molecules and establishing evidence-based medicinal applications for J. gossypiifolia.