Anti-inflammatory Evaluation of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Adenodolichos paniculatus Leaves and Stems
Keywords:
Adenodolichos paniculatus, Anti‑inflammatory, carrageenan, medicinal plants, toxicityAbstract
Objective: To determine the acute oral toxicity and evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous and ethanolic leaf and stem extracts of Adenodolichos paniculatus in rats using the carrageenan-induced paw oedema model.
Methods: Leaves and stems were sequentially extracted with distilled water and 70 % ethanol. Male Wistar rats received the extracts (200 or 400 mg kg⁻¹, p.o.) or diclofenac (10 mg kg⁻¹). Carrageenan‑induced paw oedema was quantified at 30‑min intervals for 3 h. Acute toxicity (LD₅₀) was determined according to OECD‑425 guidelines.
Results: Both aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts produced significant, dose‑dependent inhibition of oedema - 33 % and 38 % at 400 mg kg⁻¹, respectively (P < 0.05) - comparable to diclofenac (35 %). Stem extracts showed no meaningful activity. No mortality or severe behavioural changes were observed up to 2000 mg kg⁻¹, indicating a high safety margin.
Conclusions: A. paniculatus leaves possess potent and safe anti‑inflammatory properties, supporting their traditional use and encouraging further isolation of active phytoconstituents.
Downloads
References
Kelly K. History of medicine. New York: Facts on File; 2009.
Kovacevic N. Fundamentals of pharmacognosy. Beograd: personal edition; 2000.
Lukic P. Pharmacognosy. Beograd: SSO Faculty of Pharmacy; 1985.
Shin SA, Joo BJ, Lee JS, et al. Phytochemicals as anti-inflammatory agents in animal models of prevalent inflammatory diseases. Molecules. 2020; 25(24): 5932.
Dzoyem JP, McGaw LJ, Kuete V, Bakowsky U. Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of African medicinal spices and vegetables. In: Kuete V, editor. Medicinal Spices and Vegetables from Africa. Academic Press; 2017. p. 239‑270.
Choi J, Kim MJ, Komakech R, Jung H, Kang Y. Anti-inflammatory activities of astringent persimmons stalks of various cultivar types based on maturity. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019;19:1‑10.
Kazemipoor M, Radzi CW, Cordell GA, Yaze I. Potential of traditional medicinal plants for treating obesity: a review. arXiv preprint arXiv:1208.1923; 2012.
Haq I. Safety of medicinal plants. In: Introduction to Medicinal Plants. Karachi: Hamdard Foundation Press; 2004.
Nasri H. Toxicity and safety of medicinal plants. J Herb Med Pharmacol. 2013;2:13‑19.
Walum E. Acute oral toxicity. Environ Health Perspect. 1998; 106(Suppl 2):497‑503.
Lorke DA. A new approach to practical acute toxicity testing. Arch Toxicol. 1983; 54:275‑287.
Hutchinson J, Dalziel JM. Flora of West Tropical Africa. London: Crown Agents; 1958.
Burkill HM. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa. Vol 3. Kew: Royal Botanic Gardens; 1985.
Akerele O, Heywood V, Synge H, editors. Conservation of Medicinal Plants. Cambridge University Press; 1991.
Omokanye AT, Onifade OS, Olorunju PE, et al. Evaluation of dual‑purpose groundnut varieties for fodder and seed production at Shika, Nigeria. J Agric Sci. 2001; 136:75‑79.
Dalziel JM. The useful plants of West Tropical Africa. London: Crown Agents; 1937.
Vergiat AM. Plantes magiques et médicinales des féticheurs de l'Oubangui. J Agric Trad Bot Appl. 1970; 17:295‑339.
Ang HH, Lee KL. Analysis of mercury in Malaysian herbal preparations. 2005.
Phillips WJ, Currier BL. Analgesic pharmacology: II. Specific analgesics. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2004; 12:221‑233.
Dawood MY. Primary dysmenorrhea: advances in pathogenesis and management. Obstet Gynecol. 2006; 108:428‑441.
Shekelle PG, Newberry SJ, FitzGerald JD, et al. Management of gout: a systematic review for an ACP guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2017; 166: 37‑51.
Oyler DR, Parli SE, Bernard AC, et al. Non‑opioid management of acute pain associated with trauma: pharmacologic options. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015; 79: 475‑483.
Vane JR. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis as a mechanism of action for aspirin‑like drugs. Nature New Biol. 1971; 231: 232‑235.
Chaiamnuay S, Allison JJ, Curtis JR. Risks versus benefits of COX‑2‑selective NSAIDs. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2006; 63:1837‑1851.
Sani MB, Anuka J, Magaji I, et al. Analgesic and anti‑inflammatory activities of *A. paniculatus* methanolic leaf extract. Niger J Pharm Sci. 2010; 9:73‑80.
Cowan MM. Plant products as antimicrobial agents. Clin Microbiol Rev. 1999; 12: 564‑582.
Valencia E, Feria M, Díaz JG, et al. Antinociceptive, anti‑inflammatory and antipyretic effects of lapidin. Planta Med. 1994; 60: 395‑399.
Vinegar R, Schreiber W, Hugo R. Biphasic development of carrageenin oedema in rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1969; 166:96‑103.
Winter CA, Risley EA, Nuss GW. Carrageenin‑induced paw oedema in rats as an assay for anti‑inflammatory drugs. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1962; 111: 544‑547.
Di Rosa M, Willoughby DA. Screens for anti‑inflammatory drugs. J Pharm Pharmacol. 1971; 23: 297‑298.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Biomedical and Advance Research
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (SeeThe Effect of Open Access).